Treaty of Paris 1783 and the American Revolution

Following the British defeat at the Battle of Yorktown in October 1781, leaders in Parliament decided that offensive campaigns in North America should cease in favor of a different, more limited approach. This was spurred by the widening of the war to include France, Spain, and the Dutch Republic. Through the fall and following winter, British colonies in the Caribbean fell to enemy forces as did Minorca. With anti-war forces growing in power, Lord Norths government fell in late March 1782 and was replaced by one led by Lord Rockingham. Learning that Norths government had fallen, Benjamin Franklin, the American ambassador in Paris, wrote to Rockingham expressing a desire to begin peace negotiations. Understanding that making peace was a necessity, Rockingham elected to embrace the opportunity. While this pleased Franklin, and his fellow negotiators John Adams, Henry Laurens, and John Jay, they made it clear that the terms of the United States alliance with France prevented them from making peace without French approval. In moving forward, the British decided that they would not accept American independence as a precondition for beginning talks. Political Intrigue This reluctance was due to their knowledge that France was experiencing financial difficulties and a hope that military fortunes could be reversed. To begin the process, Richard Oswald was sent to meet with the Americans while Thomas Grenville was dispatched to begin talks with the French. With negotiations proceeding slowly, Rockingham died in July 1782 and Lord Shelburne became the head of the British government. Though British military operations began to have success, the French stalled for time as they were working with Spain to capture Gibraltar. In addition, the French sent a secret envoy to London as there were several issues, including fishing rights on the Grand Banks, on which they disagreed with their American allies. The French and Spanish were also concerned about American insistence on the Mississippi River as a western border. In September, Jay learned of the secret French mission and wrote to Shelburne detailing why he should not be influenced by the French and Spanish. In this same period, Franco-Spanish operations against Gibraltar were failing to leave the French to begin debating ways for exiting the conflict. Advancing to Peace Leaving their allies to bicker amongst themselves, the Americans became aware of a letter sent during the summer to George Washington in which Shelburne conceded the point of independence. Armed with this knowledge, they re-entered talks with Oswald. With the issue of independence settled, they began hammering out the details which included border issues and discussion of reparations. On the former point, the Americans were able to get the British to agree to the borders established after the French Indian War rather than those set by the Quebec Act of 1774. By the end of November, the two sides produced a preliminary treaty based on the following points: Great Britain recognized the Thirteen Colonies to be free, sovereign and independent states.The borders of the United States would be those of 1763 extending west to the Mississippi.The United States would receive fishing rights on the Grand Banks and Gulf of St. Lawrence.All contracted debts were to be paid to creditors on each side.The Congress of the Confederation would recommend that each state legislature provide restitution for property taken from Loyalists.The United States would prevent property from being taken from Loyalists in the future.All prisoners of war were to be released.Both the United States and Great Britain were to have perpetual access to the Mississippi.Territory captured by the United States subsequent to the treaty was to be returned.Ratification of the treaty was to occur within six months of signing. With the British relief of Gibraltar in October, the French ceased to have any interest in aiding the Spanish. As a result, they were willing to accept a sepa rate Anglo-American peace. Reviewing the treaty, they grudgingly accepted it on November 30. Signing Ratification With the French approval, the Americans and Oswald signed a preliminary treaty on November 30. The terms of the treaty provoked a political firestorm in Britain where the concession of territory, abandonment of the Loyalists, and granting of fishing rights proved particularly unpopular. This backlash forced Shelburne to resign and a new government was formed under the Duke of Portland. Replacing Oswald with David Hartley, Portland hoped to modify the treaty. This was blocked by the Americans who insisted on no changes. As a result, Hartley and the American delegation signed the Treaty of Paris on September 3, 1783. Brought before the Congress of the Confederation at Annapolis, MD, the treaty was ratified on January 14, 1784. Parliament ratified the treaty on April 9 and ratified copies of the document were exchanged the following month in Paris. Also on September 3, Britain signed separate treaties ending their conflicts with France, Spain, and the Dutch Republic. These largely saw the European nations exchange colonial possessions with Britain regaining the Bahamas, Grenada, and Montserrat while ceding the Floridas to Spain. Frances gains included Senegal as well as having fishing rights guaranteed on the Grand Banks. Selected Sources University of Oklahoma: Treaty of Paris (1783) TextUS State Department: Treaty of Paris (1783)Patriot Resource: Treaty of Paris (1783)

Essay On Shakespeare s Beowulf - 1346 Words

Haddijatou Konateh Beowulf paper Dr. Murray ENGL 2111 October 19th, 2015 Role of Women in Beowulf Beowulf was an epic written more than twelve hundred years ago. Women characters are presented, and every woman has one-of-a-kind attributes. The women in Beowulf are depicted as hard working people, each of whom has a role within the poem. Throughout the epic, distinctive women do things such as serve mead, give speeches, and take care of the mead-hall. This shows how important women were to this culture. Queen Wealhtheow is a mother of two children. She shows the part of a regular Anglo-Saxon woman at the time. When Wealhtheow was aware of the crowd, she quickly falls into her part as a tranquil greeter and a mixed drink server. She hails every one of them talked her peace-words ventured to the blessing throne got to her lord the first beer glass (612-6). Wealhtheow then continues through the mead hall offering corridor bliss to old and to youthful with rich fortune mugs (621-2). At the point when Wealhtheow first practices Beowulf and the Geats, she bore him a glass with gold-shining hands held it before him benevolently welcomed the Geats warleader (623-5). The author then fortifies that she is an individual from the weaker sexual orientation by coordinating Wealhtheow to her legitimate position behind the lord. At the point when the ruler is not serving beverages or welcome the corridor visitors, she might more often than not be discovered loyally taking afterShow MoreRelatedEssa y On Shakespeare s Beowulf And Anglo Saxon Society944 Words   |  4 PagesRole of Women in Beowulf and Anglo-Saxon Society Beowulf, the hero of Anglo-Saxon epic, had many adventures, and many companions and fellow-warriors are mentioned throughout his story. Some of them seem noble and courageous, truly living up to the standards of their culture; some seem cowardly. But all have gained immortality in the words, many times transcribed and translated, of the famous epic. 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Amusing books written specifically for children would have been economically and psychologically impossible (Townsend 1996). Children would probably have listened to adult works such as Beowulf, Song of Roland, El Cid, King Arthur, and Robin Hood. Children and adults also enjoyed folk tales and literature rich with fantasy and imagination, as myth was the way they made sense of their world. While there were no manuscrip ts devoted specifically

Vaccine Refusal Controversy Free Essays

The subject that I’ve chosen as a controversial healthcare topic is vaccine refusal. The subject of vaccination has long been a controversial topic in healthcare. Universal vaccination initiatives have been met with resistance. We will write a custom essay sample on Vaccine Refusal Controversy or any similar topic only for you Order Now There is scientific evidence supporting the benefits of vaccination however, parents and healthcare professionals continue to doubt the effectiveness and safety of vaccines. Vaccine preventable disease continues to be a threat to the public in the United States. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports that during 2011, a total of 222 cases of measles were reported. 90% of those cases were associated with importations from other countries. (MMWR. 4/20/12). There are several factors as to why patients refuse vaccination. A misconception regarding side effects is a common reason for vaccine refusal. Parents and/or patients believe that the vaccine is made up of the live virus and can in turn make the recipient ill. They do not understand the process for manufacturing vaccines or the process for which the body creates antibodies. (Fraleigh, J. 5/1/09). Vaccine safety is another reason for vaccine refusal. There is a lack of trust in the federal government, which oversees the approval of vaccine released to be administered. An important factor to vaccine safety is not only the manufacturing process but also maintaining the cold chain for proper vaccine storage. Maintaining the cold chain is an important factor in ensuring that the vaccine being administered is viable. Maintaining the cold chain relies on more than one person or entity. The cold chain begins with the manufacturer and is then transferred to the delivery of the vaccine and the proper storage. The last phase of the cold chain is the administration of viable vaccine to the patient. There are several areas in this process that allow for vulnerabilities in this process as demonstrated by the Office of Inspector General Report from 2012, Vaccines for Children Program: Vulnerabilities in Vaccine Management (Levinson, D. . Regardless of patient and healthcare professional’s refusal to utilize vaccine there is clearly a benefit to vaccination. Vaccine preventable diseases are debilitating and deadly. A good portion of the general public has never seen some of the vaccine preventable diseases such as polio. Therefore, the existence of such diseases is not relevant to some. From 1960 to 1996, measles vaccines had reduced measles cases by 99. 95%. (HHS. 1997) References Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, MMWR, Measles-Unites States, 2011 (April 20, 2012 / 61(15);253-257). Department of Health and Human Services. 1997. Retrieved May 31, 2013 http://archive.hhs.gov/nvpo/concepts/intro6.htm Fraleigh, James M. Vaccination: Compliance and Controversy. May 1, 2009. Levinson, Daniel R. Inspector General. Vaccines for Children Program: Vulnerabilities in Vaccine Management, OEI-04-10-00430. June 2012. How to cite Vaccine Refusal Controversy, Papers

Childhood Animal Cruelty and Interpersonal Violence

Question: Describe about the growing consciousness of the link between animal abuse and interpersonal violence? Answer: With the growing consciousness of the link between animal abuse and interpersonal violence, most of the job is yet to be done in education and collaboration (McEwen et. al. 2014). As per the study made by experts, animal wellbeing law enforcement, domestic violence and child welfare agencies are working jointly more and more in appreciation of the link the undeniable bind flanked by animal maltreatment and brutality towards people, chiefly within the family (Gullone 2014). Researchers have recognized and documented that hostility towards people, chiefly within the family. Researchers have recognized and documented that violence towards animals can be both a module and an indication of a child spousal and elder exploitation. For an instance, in a landmark 1983 study, Deviney studied fifty-three families who met the officially authorized criteria for child abuse and neglect. Sixty percent of these families abused or neglected companion animals (Gullone 2014). In eighty-eight percent of the families where there was abuse of the children, there was animal abuse. In a Canadian study, fifty-six percent of pet-owning women seeking refuge in womens shelters reported that their abuser had threatened or had harmed their pet. Of those women with children and pets, sixty-five percent believed the children were aware of the abuse, and impacted by it. This study, and others from the domestic violence field, consistently show that women delay leaving abusive situations because of fears for a pet's safety (Schwartz et. al. 2012). Many womens shelters have arrangement s with local animal shelters or veterinary hospitals to provide temporary housingfor their pets. Hostility towards family pets is a way that abuser exert power and control over their other victims, who may be children, spouse, or elders. Threatening or hurting the pet may be used as a warning. Next time it could be you. Threats may be used as leverage. Fear for the pet keeps family members (spouse, child or elder) from disclosing the abuse and exposing the abuser. Forcing the victim to witness cruelty to their pet is emotional abuse. Children who hurt animals may be acting out of their own experience, i.e., what they observe, or what they undergo themselves, at home. References: McEwen, F.S., Moffitt, T.E. and Arseneault, L., 2014. Is childhood cruelty to animals a marker for physical maltreatment in a prospective cohort study of children?.Child abuse neglect,38(3), pp.533-543 Gullone, E., 2014. An Evaluative Review of Theories Related to Animal Cruelty.Journal of Animal Ethics,4(1), pp.37-57. Gullone, E., 2014. Risk factors for the development of animal cruelty.Journal of Animal Ethics,4(2), pp.61-79. Schwartz, M.D., Fremouw, W., Schenk, A. and Ragatz, L.L., 2012. Journal of Interpersonal.Journal of Interpersonal Violence,27(5), pp.846-861.